| |
The Program
Combined Degree Programs
Double Degree Programs
Advisement
Transfer Policy
Courses
Civil Engineering - B.S.
Civil Engineering - B.S./M.E.
Civil Engineering - B.S./M.B.A.
|
 |
|
Civil Engineering
Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
212 Ketter Hall
North Campus
Buffalo, NY 14260-4300
(716) 645-2114
Fax: (716) 645-3733
Web: Civil Engineering
Michael C. Constantinou, Chair
Alan J. Rabideau, Director of Undergraduate Studies
The profession of civil engineering is older than recorded history; its
earliest practitioners were builders serving societies' needs. Civil engineers
are still builders, now serving greatly expanded and far more complex
needs of modern society in housing, commerce, transportation, water supply,
and waste management. Civil engineering involves the exploration, research,
planning, analysis, design, and construction of bridges, tunnels, airports,
pipelines, highways, railways, dams, towers, buildings for commerce and
industry, and water supply and waste management systems. Civil engineers
must understand the forces of nature-earthquakes, floods, erosion, winds,
and earth settlement, among others-to design safe and effective structures.
Graduates with a B.S. degree in civil engineering find employment with
private consulting firms, industry, and governmental agencies. Many continue
on or return within a few years to graduate school for advanced studies
leading to a master of engineering (M.E.) degree or a master of science
(M.S.) degree and, in a few cases, the doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) degree.
Graduates of the B.S. program have the skills and most prerequisites to
pursue further education in law, medicine, management, or other professional
fields.
The undergraduate curriculum consists of specific required courses and
elective courses that allow specialization in the following tracks: construction
management and engineering, environmental engineering and science, geoenvironmental
and foundation engineering, and structural engineering. It provides for
the development of knowledge and skills in the sciences, mathematics,
and English composition and reading during the first two years of study.
This development is supplemented and followed by a number of basic engineering
and civil engineering courses so that the engineering student entering
his/her senior year of study is ready and able to pursue his/her interest
in any one of the four specialization tracks, or pursue a general civil
engineering program. Students interested in a more focused specialization
in the field of environmental engineering may also wish to consider the
B.S. in environmental engineering program (described separately) offered
through the Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering.
The Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering encourages
civil engineering students who are also interested in other areas of study,
such as architecture, computer science, biological sciences, math, and
geology, to consider the options of combined-degree, double-degree or
double-major programs described in this catalog. For example, students
may elect to pursue a five-year B.S. (Civil)/M.B.A. combined-degree program,
or they may elect to enroll in a five-year B.S. (Civil)/M.E. (Civil) combined-degree
program.
Qualified students may enroll in a four-and-a-half-year double degree
program leading to baccalaureate degrees in computer science and civil
engineering (B.S./B.S. or B.S./B.A.). This interdisciplinary program is
offered jointly by the Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental
Engineering and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE).
The double degree program provides students an opportunity to receive
two degrees (if B.S. and B.A.) by spending just one or two additional
semesters at the University at Buffalo. It satisfies current accreditation
and departmental requirements for both degrees, and requires a total of
150-158 credit hours. Students need to complete an additional 30 credit
hours of coursework beyond the requirements of their first degree to receive
the second degree.
As the complexities of engineering structures and systems have increased,
computers have been used increasingly to analyze engineering problems.
However, nationwide surveys of hiring needs in information technology
have demonstrated the inadequacy of current conventional computer science
programs in meeting the needs of civil engineering corporations and engineering-application-oriented
software companies. The double degree program combines the computer software
training of the computer science program with the training of the civil
engineering program in engineering structures and systems. Graduates from
the double degree program will be able to perform accurate computer simulations
of civil engineering systems as well as design software for various technical
applications.
To pursue this double degree program, students must apply for admission
in both the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the Department
of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering separately, and fulfill
admission requirements of each department. Students in the program are
required to satisfy the minimum grade point average requirements for good
standing in each department.
Each student is assigned a faculty advisor upon acceptance into any of
the programs offered by the department. New and transfer students are
encouraged to meet with their faculty advisor as soon as possible to discuss
their program of study; continuing students are required to meet with
their advisor at least once each semester. The principal role of the faculty
advisor is to assist students in choosing courses to complete their degree
requirements in a timely fashion with a manageable workload. Faculty advisors
also provide general advice concerning career specialization, employment
opportunities, graduate school, double or combined degree programs, and
other academic and professional decisions.
Academic advisement is also available through the Office of Student Services,
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, located in 410 Bonner Hall.
Official records are maintained at this office. Students who need help
or have questions regarding the general education requirements, UB DARS
report, transfer credits, and/or basic science and math courses should
see an academic advisor in 410 Bonner Hall.
Transfer students must first apply to the university and meet the university
transfer admission requirements before consideration for admission to
the Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Civil
engineering courses completed at other colleges and offered as substitutes
for UB courses are evaluated individually by the Undergraduate Studies
Committee and determination is made by an evaluation of the student's
transcripts, course content, contact hours, and grades earned. Most courses
taken from a recognized college-level civil engineering department are
acceptable. Evaluations for transfer credits of general education, basic
science, and engineering science courses completed at other universities
and colleges are done through the Office of Student Services, School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, 410 Bonner Hall.
Note: See the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences entry in this
catalog for pre-engineering requirements.
101 Great Creations of Civil Engineering (1)
(F)
Seeks to develop a basic understanding of the scientific rationale behind
the design for large-scale public works, of the urban social context within
which such works are funded and built, and of the symbolic meaning of
these structures seen as cultural moments and works of art. One lecture
per week. LEC
303 Geodesy, GPS, and GIS (3) (F)
Prerequisite: EAS150
Introduces students to spatial concepts that are important in the planning,
construction, and operation of civil engineering projects and activities.
Introduces the expression of these concepts in graphical language, which
is central to civil and architectural communication by first developing
some basic skills in CAD. Studies concepts and principles of location
and layout of points on the surface of the 3-D earth from both a historical
and a modern technology perspective. Also covers the problem of converting
the curved surface of the earth onto a plane map or computer screen. The
use of plane concepts for local layouts is covered, along with a study
of the circumstances under which 2-D plane concepts can be utilized. Discusses
and demonstrates the technological basis for modern measurement and positioning
systems, such as DME and GPS. Covers techniques used to identify and lay
out land areas in the United States. Introduces GIS. LEC
323 Structural Engineering I (3) (F)
Prerequisites: EAS209, MTH306
First of a two-course sequence required of all civil engineering students.
Basic aspects of structural analysis and design. Introduces structural
engineering by an approach that unifies structural behavior, analysis,
and design. Gives emphasis to the analysis and design of determinant structures.
Topics include analysis of determinate structures, determination of loadings,
design criteria, and design of steel members in tension, bending, and
compression. LEC/REC
324 Structural Engineering II (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE323
Continuation of CIE323, dealing primarily with analysis and design of
statically indeterminate structures. Topics include deflection calculations
using the compatibility and moment distribution methods, an introduction
to the stiffness method, and the design of steel beam columns. Students
are introduced to the use of general purpose structural analysis programs.
Major part of the course is devoted to the term design project, which
typically involves the modeling, loadings determination, analysis, assessment
of safety and preparation of a technical report for an actual structure.
Often involves the engineer of record for this structure in the project.
LEC/REC
327 Civil Engineering Materials (3) (F)
Prerequisite: EAS209
Mechanical properties of materials. Crystal structure, phase equilibria,
deformation behavior under various states of stress. Failure theories,
composite materials, prediction of composite material properties based
on properties of constituent materials, and concrete mix design. Applications
of materials technology to building products and design of structural
components. LEC
334 Mechanics of Soils (3) (Sp)
Prerequisites: EAS209, CIE354
Soil formation and identification. A study of the physical and mechanical
properties of granular and cohesive soils. The nature and flow of water
in soils, stress distribution, analysis of deformation and strength of
soils. Stress path dependent behavior and consolidation. LEC
340 Environmental Engineering (3) (Sp)
Pre- or corequisite: MTH306
Overview of environmental engineering systems analysis and design. Topics
include environmental legislation, environmental impact analysis, water
and air quality, water and wastewater treatment, and municipal and hazardous
solid waste management. Trips to environmental facilities including treatment
plants, solid-waste management facilities, and the NYS Department of Environmental
Conservation, are an integral part of class. In addition, students participate
in a final project that emphasizes written and oral presentation skills.
LEC/REC
343 Hydraulic Engineering (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE354
Application of fundamentals of fluid mechanics to design systems, including
pipe/pump systems, analysis of flow in rivers, and hydrodynamic and aerodynamic
forces on structures. Topics include friction losses in pipes, flow measurement,
hydraulic machinery, boundary layer characteristics, drag and lift forces,
energy and momentum principle in open channel, resistance in open channels,
uniform flow, nonuniform flow, surface profile computation, and design
of channel controls and transitions. LEC/REC
354 Fluid Mechanics (3) (F)
Prerequisites: MTH306
Provides an introductory treatment of the dynamics of fluids, with emphasis
on incompressible fluids. Develops and applies hydrostatics, thermodynamics,
fluid characteristics, kinematics, and dynamics; methods of analysis including
the infinitesimal and finite control volume; stress rate-of-strain relations;
and the basic equations for continuity, energy, motion, and force-momentum.
Measurement methods. LEC/REC
361 Civil Engineering Laboratory I (1) (F)
Corequisite: CIE354 or permission of instructor
Laboratory testing to enhance and extend the student's understanding of
the fundamental principles of structural analysis, civil engineering materials,
fluid mechanics, and/or environmental engineering. One 3-hour lab per
week or equivalent. LAB
362 Civil Engineering Laboratory II (1) (Sp)
Corequisites: CIE334 and CIE343 (or permission of instructor)
Laboratory testing to enhance and extend the student's understanding of
the fundamental principles of soil mechanics, hydraulic engineering, and
environmental engineering. Continuation of CIE361. One 3-hour lab per
week or equivalent. LAB
404 Civil Engineering Internship (3) (F; Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Field experience working on a civil engineering project in a practical
setting (consulting office, governmental agency office, company plant,
etc.) under the joint guidance of a practicing engineer and a faculty
advisor. Projects are selected that integrate the material learned in
academic courses. A written report and an oral presentation may be required.
TUT
415 Civil Engineering Planning and Management
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing in civil engineering
Ethical issues in civil engineering practice, the professional licensure
process, the project life cycle, engineering economics fundamentals, construction
contracts and delivery methods, cost estimating fundamentals, project
scheduling fundamentals, project control fundamentals. LEC
423 Structural Engineering III (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE324
Builds upon the knowledge gained in the previous courses (Structures I
and II). In this course, advanced structural analysis techniques are taught
with direct application to bridges and tall buildings. Topics include
fundamentals of the flexibility and stiffness methods; bridge and tall
buildings structural systems and design considerations; dynamics of single
and multidegree of freedom systems; earthquake-response spectra; plastic
analysis of beams, frames, and plates; stability of structures. Requires
a design project that entails either a bridge structural system or a tall
building. The project involves developing the structural system, analysis,
design, and a final presentation. LEC
424 Computer-Aided Design in Civil Engineering
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisites: EAS150; senior standing
Basic principles of interactive computer graphics, computer-aided drafting,
3-D modeling, and visualization in modern CAD systems. The use of modern
CAD software as a design tool in civil engineering applications. Overview
of trends and futures in computer-aided design. Lecture and hands-on laboratory.
LEC/REC
426 Finite Element Structural Analysis (3) (F)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Comprehensive introduction to the finite element method as applied primarily
to structural analysis. Presents the foundations of finite elements by
addressing the theory of elasticity, calculus of variations, and variational
principles of solid mechanics. Subsequently, applies the finite element
methodology to trusses, beams, membrane elements, plates, torsion, and
axisymmetry. Introduces students to computer programming aspects of the
finite element method. Additional topics (time permitting) are dynamics,
stability, fluid flow, heat transfer, Galerkin and Ritz methods. LEC
428 Steel Design (3) (F)
Prerequisite: CIE324
The design of steel structural components; beams, columns, trusses, frames,
composite members and connections; an extension of stability theory introduced
earlier and the development of codes for metal structural elements; details
of design. LEC
429 Reinforced Concrete Design (3) (F)
Prerequisite: CIE324
The design of reinforced concrete members for flexure, shear and combined
flexure, and axial load; anchorage and development of reinforcement; design
of connections for monolithic construction; 2-D reinforced concrete elements
in shear and bending. Considers the calculation of long- and short-term
deformations, as well as the problem of shrinkage; introduces the design
of prestressed concrete members. LEC
435 Foundation Engineering (3) (F)
Prerequisite: CIE334
Application of soil mechanics to engineering problems. Soil exploration
and sampling. States of plastic equilibrium, bearing capacity, and settlement
of foundations. Foundation design, spread footing, mat, raft, piles, and
caissons. Lateral earth pressures, retaining walls, braced excavations,
and slope stability. LEC
437 Pavement Design and Materials (3) (F)
Prerequisite: CIE334
Design principles of flexible and rigid pavements. Includes a study of
soils and paving materials, their interaction, their behavior under various
loading conditions, and their ability to perform under all ambient loading
conditions. Topics include surface, base, subbase and base courses: bituminous
materials, qual ity control, and flexible and rigid pavement design methods.
Laboratory sessions on asphaltic concrete mix design. LEC
438 Structural Design and Construction of Foundations
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE435
Structural design and construction of foundation systems. Topics include:
structural design of shallow foundations, such as single footings, strip
footings, and mat foundations; deep foundations, such as piles and caissons;
retaining walls; sheet piles; excavation bracings; tie backs; and anchors.
An application-oriented design course which requires students to do a
real-life project in groups of three from preliminary design stage to
final construction phase. LEC
439 Transportation System Analysis (3) (F)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Introduces engineering and planning principles applicable to all types
of transportation systems; concept and methods of transportation network
analysis; operation and management of transportation systems; traffic
engineering elements; traffic flow theory; highway capacity analysis;
design and application of traffic control devices. LEC
441 Ecological Engineering (3) (F)
Prerequisites: MTH306
Focuses on the physical, chemical, and hydrodynamic processes governing
pollutant fate in natural systems. Topics include mass and energy balances,
mixing processes, partitioning processes (exchange with solids and air),
and particle removal. Examples from natural systems address lake, river,
and atmospheric pollution. LEC
442 Treatment Process Engineering (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: MTH306
Overview of environmental engineering treatment systems analysis and design.
Topics include water distribution, water treatment, wastewater collection,
wastewater treatment, sludge processing, and industrial waste management.
LEC/LAB/REC
444 Hydrologic Engineering (3) (F)
Prerequisites: EAS308, CIE343
The physical processes associated with the components of the hydrologic
cycle are studied. Discusses measurement and collection of data. Explores
model conceptualization and data analysis for quantification of water
flow for design purposes. Emphasizes analysis procedures for surface and
ground water hydrology useful for design of urban facilities. Discusses
and applies hydrologic design methods to engineering projects. Emphasizes
watershed management concepts. LEC
445 Groundwater Engineering (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Fundamentals of fluid flow and mass transport in porous media. Derives
the governing mass and energy balance equations and develops several commonly
applied solutions. Particular topics include groundwater flow under saturated
and unsaturated conditions, well hydraulics, introduction to multiphase
flow, fundamentals of solute transport, geostatics, and remediation of
contaminated aquifers. LEC
446 Water Resources Engineering (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Studies and applies modeling, computational analysis, and design procedures
for the design of water resources projects. Design projects include stream
quality and stream flow, including bridge openings and floodway determination,
wastewater collection, and wastewater treatment. Relates the treatment
design projects to wastewater stabilization ponds and wastewater treatment
plants. Emphasizes watershed management concepts. LEC
447 Environmental Engineering Practicum (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Provides students with the background to conduct experiments at the bench
and pilot scale for the purposes of understanding environmental processes
and collection of data needed for design/management decisions. The laboratories
focus on the physical, chemical, and hydrodynamic processes governing
pollutant fate in treatment facilities and natural systems. Laboratories
include reactor hydraulics, solid/liquid separation, chemical equilibrium,
sorption, chemical and biological oxidation, and field sampling of aquatic
systems. LAB
448 Chemical Principles in Environmental Engineering
(3) (F)
Prerequisite: CIE340
Presents fundamentals in aquatic chemistry as applied to natural waters,
water treatment, and wastewater treatment. Topics include equilibrium
concepts, chemical thermodynamics, acid-base reactions, precipitation
and dissolution, oxidation and reduction, carbonate system chemistry,
and complexation. LEC
449 Environmental Engineering Design (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Design of environmental engineering systems, such as water-distribution
networks; storm- and wastewater-collection systems; treatment systems
for air, water, and wastewater; and hazardous waste site remediation.
This is a professional practice-oriented course and includes process engineering
principles, system analysis and design, regulations, economics, guest
lectures, and field trips. Students work in design teams and produce written
and oral reports for several design projects. LEC
458 Introduction to Geoenvironmental Engineering
(3) (F)
Prerequisite: CIE334
Soil-water-contaminant interaction processes, conduction phenomena, hydraulic
conductivity and contaminant transport phenomena, effects of contaminants
on soil properties, design aspects of landfills, waste-disposal systems,
barriers and cutoff walls, site characterization, and soil remediation.
LEC
460 Special Topics (1-4)
Prerequisite: permission of instructor
Offered irregularly. The subject matter of the course is announced when
offered. LEC
462 Special Topics in Structural Engineering
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE324
Develops experience and expertise in the application of fundamentals of
structural engineering to design of civil engineering projects. Specific
technique/problem areas are announced when offered. Requires students
to complete homework assignments and hour tests, and they are graded on
both. An in-depth design exercise may be required. LEC
463 Special Topics in Water Resources Engineering
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE343
Develops experience and expertise in the application of fundamentals of
water resources engineering to design civil engineering projects. Specific
technique/problem areas are announced when offered. Requires students
to complete homework assignments and hour tests, and they are graded on
both. An in-depth design exercise may be required. LEC
464 Special Topics in Environmental Engineering
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE340, CIE343
Develops experience and expertise in the application of fundamentals of
environmental engineering to design of civil engineering projects. Specific
technique/problem areas are announced when offered. Requires students
to complete homework assignments and hour tests, and they are graded on
both. An in-depth design exercise may be required. LEC
465 Special Topics in Geotechnical Engineering
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE435
Develops experience and expertise in the application of fundamentals of
geotechnical engineering to design of civil engineering projects. Specific
technique/problem areas are announced when offered. Requires students
to complete homework assignments and hour tests, and they are graded on
both. An in-depth design exercise may be required. LEC
476 Design and Construction of Earth Structures
(3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: CIE334
Selection, engineering design, construction, monitoring, and performance
evaluation of earth structures. Densification: soft ground consolidation,
deep dynamic compaction; reinforcement: earth-retaining systems, soil
nailing, reinforced earth, micropiles, etc.; ground improvement by admixtures:
grouting, soil mixing techniques. LEC
491 Construction Estimating (3) (F)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Estimation of construction costs. Topics include project life cycle, financial
considerations, order-of-magnitude estimates, the project acquisition
decision, material/labor and equipment costs, overhead and profit consideration,
building systems estimates, uncertainty, the bidding process, value engineering,
and cost control. LEC
493 Project Management (3) (Sp)
Prerequisite: senior standing
Life cycle planning of construction projects; contract types, project
delivery strategies; bid packaging, bid evaluation, and selection of contractors;
preconstruction planning; contract administration procedures; project
quality control; value engineering and management; project site layout;
and materials management. LEC
499 Independent Study (1-12)
Prerequisite: permission of instructor
Students electing this course should be accepted for work on a special
topic by a member of the teaching staff. Special forms are available in
the department office. TUT
Minimum GPA of 2.0 overall
Minimum GPA of 2.0 in technical and engineering courses
CHE107 General Chemistry for Engineers
CHE108 General Chemistry for Engineers
CIE101 Great Creations of Civil Engineering
CIE303 Geodesy, GPS, and GIS
CIE323 Structural Engineering I
CIE324 Structural Engineering II
CIE327 Civil Engineering Materials
CIE334 Mechanics of Soils
CIE340 Environmental Engineering
CIE343 Hydraulic Engineering
CIE354 Fluid Mechanics
CIE361 Civil Engineering Laboratory I
CIE362 Civil Engineering Laboratory II
CIE415 Civil Engineering Planning and Management
CIE435 Foundation Engineering
CIE439 Transportation System Analysis
EAS140 Engineering Solutions
EAS150 Graphic Communication
EAS207 Statics
EAS208 Dynamics
EAS209 Mechanics of Solids
EAS230 Higher-Level Language or CSE113 Introduction to Computer Science
I
EAS308 Engineering Statistics
MTH141 College Calculus I
MTH142 College Calculus II
MTH241 College Calculus III
MTH306 Introduction to Differential Equations
PHY107 General Physics I
PHY108/158 General Physics II/Lab
One applied math elective
One engineering elective
Five technical electives
See Baccalaureate Degree Requirements (page 254) for general education
and remaining university requirements.
First Year
Fall-CHE107, MTH141, EAS140, CIE101
Spring-CHE108, MTH142, PHY107, EAS150
Second Year
Fall-MTH241, PHY108/158, EAS207; EAS230 or CSE113
Spring-MTH306, EAS208, EAS209, EAS308, one engineering elective
Third Year
Fall-CIE323, CIE354, CIE327, CIE303, CIE361, one applied math elective
Spring-CIE324, CIE340, CIE334, CIE343, CIE362
Fourth Year
Fall-CIE435, CIE439, two technical electives
Spring-CIE415, three technical electives
Five technical electives are required (see list below)
At least one of the technical electives must be CIE428, CIE429, CIE438,
CIE442, or CIE449
Senior-level courses outside civil engineering may also be taken as technical
electives with prior approval from the director of undergraduate studies
Only one of the work experience courses (CIE404, CIE406-408, or EAS495)
can be counted as a technical elective toward fulfillment of degree requirements
Civil Engineering Technical Electives
CIE404 Civil Engineering Internship
CIE406-408 Co-op Work Experience
CIE423 Structural Engineering III
CIE424 Computer-Aided Design in Civil Engineering
CIE426 Finite Element Structural Analysis
CIE428 Steel Design
CIE429 Reinforced Concrete Design
CIE437 Pavement Design
CIE438 Structural Design and Construction of Foundations
CIE441 Ecological Engineering
CIE442 Treatment Process Engineering
CIE444 Hydrologic Engineering
CIE445 Groundwater Engineering
CIE446 Water Resources Engineering
CIE447 Environmental Engineering Practicum
CIE448 Chemical Principles in Environmental Engineering
CIE449 Environmental Engineering Design
CIE458 Geoenvironmental Engineering
CIE476 Design and Construction of Earth Structures
CIE491 Construction Estimating
CIE493 Project Management
EAS480 Technical Communication
EAS495 Engineering Institute
EAS451 Modern Methods of Engineering Computations or MAE376 Numerical
Methods in Mechanical Engineering
MTH417 Multivariable Calculus
MTH418 Analytical Methods or MAE428 Analytical Methods
MTH309 Introductory Linear Algebra
EAS200 EE Concepts/Nonmajors
EE 202 Circuit Analysis I
EAS204 Thermodynamics
CSE114 Introduction to Computer Science II
IE 320 Engineering Economy
Required courses - 94 cr
Technical electives - 15 cr
General education - 15 cr
Writing skills requirement - 0-6
(contingent upon placement test results)
Total required credit hours - 124-130
Contact the Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering
for information about the combined B.S./M.Eng. program.
Contact the Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering
for information about the combined B.S./M.B.A. program.
Questions and Comments about this site should be sent to:
- Academic Affairs
- Phone: (716) 645-6003
- Fax: (716) 645-2549
Last updated: Thursday, 09-Dec-2004 15:21:17 EST
|
